印度穆斯林的发展困境及政府的应对措施

印度的穆斯林是印度人口众多的少数群体。印度独立以后,特别是20世纪90年代印度实行经济改革以来,社会经济发展水平迅速提高。然而,印度穆斯林却未能充分享受到发展所带来的成果,在政治参与程度、经济发展水平和文化教育水平等方面面临着发展的困境。这一困境是历史和经济原因、印度政府的忽视、穆斯林自身原因和教派冲突的影响等多种因素共同作用的结果。印度政府为此采取了一系列的应对措施。     

《摩奴法典》中的继承制度探析

《摩奴法典》作为古印度历史上最为著名的法典,规定了有关社会生活方方面面的法律和规则,其中有关继承制度的规定更是别具特色。它既反映了种姓继承原则,也规定了嫡生子优先继承原则和长子优先继承原则。多种继承原则混为一体,充分反映了印度社会重等级、重家庭、重伦理的特征。

Abstract：

The Laws of Manu,as the most famous code in ancient Indian history,embraced various laws and rules related to social life,in which the succession system is of characteristics.It regulates the principles of succession according to the caste system,emphasizes the preference of the legitimate sons and the first-born son.The mixture of various principles of succession fully reveals that the ancient Indian society valued social classes,family and ethics.     

浅析印共（毛）的发展前景

印度独立建国至今,社会底层的武装斗争几乎没有停息。时至今日,印度左派激进势力依然在底层社会不断鼓动武装斗争,以期夺取国家政权。其中,2004年9月正式成立的印度共产党（毛主义）尤其活跃,成为印度国内安全的＂最大威胁＂。本文主要从国际、地区和国内三个层面,剖析其革命的前景,并推测其可能的发展方向。     

西蒙·奥提斯的《反击》：环境正义、变革的生态批评及中间地带

“自然”、“地方”和“正义”等概念是正在勃兴的社会和环境正义运动的基石.与倡导“荒野伦理”的美国主流环保主义者相比,美国印第安裔诗人西蒙·奥提斯更关注位于自然与文化的中间地带的园地,并倡导一种“园地伦理”,展现出与前者截然不同的自然观.在此基础上,当代生态批评学者对“中间地带”的探讨将有助于人们思考在特定的地方生态、文化、经济、政治和社会状况的差异是如何产生的,从而推动社会与环境正义运动的进程.     

殖民地时代北美东部林地印第安人与白人礼物互赠活动及其意义

交换礼物是印第安人文化的重要组成部分。北美殖民地时代,随着印第安人与白人文化交流的深入,双方创造出一些彼此都能够接受的礼仪,赋予其“共同意义”。印第安文化中的礼物赠予习俗逐渐为殖民地白人接受,成为双方交往的重要礼节。这种礼物互赠活动不仅有助于双方文化交流规模的扩大,而且对双方关系后来的发展有着深远的影响。     

Gangs as Alternative Transitional Structures

SUMMARY

This paper reports the results of a comparative study of youth gangs in minority communities in Los Angeles and London, England. A combined qualitative-quantitative research design was used to obtain information on the experiences, attitudes and behaviors of Black youth who were involved with or influenced by gangs.

Measures included two semi-structured interview schedules for focus groups and individual youth, respectively. Demographic data and statistics on social indicators were obtained for this population in both cities from government and social agency reports on rates of school drop-outs, youth unemployment, involvement in the juvenile/criminal justice system, and health/mental health utilization.

The sample included a total of 144 African-American youth, ages 15-30, in 17 focus groups and 32 for individual interviews in Los Angeles, and a total of 86 Afro-Caribbean youth, ages 15-24, in ten focus groups and 66 for individual interviews in London. Results suggest that gangs provide minority youth with an alternative transitional structure for achieving social and economic mobility.     

Entrance and Exit from the Military

Abstract

The literature that addresses the reasons for entering military service is limited and generally does not report on the experiences of ethnic minority populations. This article reports on findings from a qualitative research study that examined health utilization and health status for a sample of 86 American Indian and Alaska Native veterans. The study generated data that provide interesting insights about the reasons for entering military service and experiences post discharge for this population. The data indicate that cultural material plays a significant role in the decision to enter the military and in the reentry experience of the veterans who participated in this research study. The analysis supports the proposition that despite the diversity that characterizes the American Indian and Alaska Native experience, there are overarching values and belief systems that are held in common across tribal communities which influence the social construction of life and the interpretation of life events.     

An Ecological Assessment of Drug-Related Problem Situations for American Indian Adolescents of the Southwest

ABSTRACT

This study examined difficult situations related to drug and alcohol use as identified by American Indian youth in the Southwest. Sixty-two contextually based items were developed from focus group data, and were administered to 71 American Indian youth. The items measured the frequency in which youth experienced specific drug-related situations, as well as the perceived difficulty in resisting drug use offers in those situations. The results indicated that the most frequent and difficult drug and alcohol situations occurred primarily with friends or cousins at their homes or after school. Implications for culturally specific assessment, prevention, and treatment are discussed.     

Completing the Circle

Abstract

The four themes of the Circle of Courage, a Native American medicine wheel that focuses on child socialization, connect with and add to key ideas from Western theories of human development. These themes are belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework developed from the integration of the Circle of Courage with theories of human development. A key feature of the framework is the role of adults in providing guidance, modeling, and affirmation. Assessment guidelines to promote the resilience of children and youth in out-of-home care are developed from the framework. The long term goal of the framework is to “complete the circle”; that is to foster the resilience of young people in care so that they can in turn provide to guidance, modeling, and affirmation.